Knee Replacement Surgery

Knee replacement, also known as arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure in which the damaged knee joint is replaced with a prosthetic implant. This is a common surgery and usually has a success rate of over 95% in India. If you are planning to have knee replacement surgery, below is some important information about knee replacement surgery:
Particulars Details
Number of days at hospital (Estimated) 4-5 days
Number of days in India outside hospital (Estimated) 2-3 weeks
Treatment’s Success Rate 95% and above
Tests required to help assess the treatment X-ray, regular blood tests and MRI in certain cases

Knee Replacement Surgery in India

Knee replacement surgery, first performed in 1968, involves replacing the damaged or deteriorated parts of the knee with artificial implants. This procedure is not designed to cure knee diseases like arthritis but aims to restore knee function and balance.Surgery is considered only after all other non-surgical treatments have failed to alleviate pain and other symptoms.

There are two types of knee replacement surgeries: total knee replacement and partial knee replacement. In total knee replacement surgery, both sides of the knee joint are replaced, while in partial knee replacement surgery, only one side of the knee joint is replaced.

The Knees

The knees play a crucial role in mobility, making them one of the most vital parts of the body. As the largest and most complex joints, they endure significant stress. The knee joints consist of bones, ligaments, tendons, and the meniscus, all working together to support movement and stability. The thigh bones, also known as femur, and the shin bone, also known as the tibia, are joined together at the knee joints.

The knee joint consists of smaller bones, including the fibula and the patella (kneecap). Tendons link the knee joint to surrounding muscles, while ligaments connect the knee bones, providing stability and supporting the body’s balance.

Types of Knee Conditions

The knee is a complex joint that can be affected by a variety of conditions. Understanding these conditions is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment. Here are some common types of knee conditions:
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Meniscus Tears
  • Ligament Injuries
  • Patellar Tendinitis
Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent form of arthritis and a leading cause of knee pain. It occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones wears down over time. Symptoms include:

  • Pain during or after movement
  • Stiffness, especially in the morning or after inactivity
  • Loss of flexibility
  • Swelling and tenderness
Meniscus Tears

The meniscus is a piece of cartilage that acts as a shock absorber between your femur and tibia. A meniscus tear can occur due to a sudden twist or turn, often during sports activities. Symptoms include:

  • Pain, particularly when twisting or rotating the knee
  • Swelling and stiffness
  • Difficulty straightening the knee fully
  • A popping sensation at the time of injury
Ligament Injuries

The knee contains four major ligaments: the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), and lateral collateral ligament (LCL). Injuries to these ligaments, especially the ACL, are common in athletes and can result in instability and pain.

  • ACL Injuries: Often occur during sports that involve sudden stops, jumps, or changes in direction. Symptoms include a loud pop during injury, severe pain, rapid swelling, and instability.
  • MCL Injuries: Typically result from a direct blow to the outside of the knee. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and instability.
Patellar Tendinitis

Also known as jumper’s knee, patellar tendinitis is an overuse injury affecting the tendon connecting the kneecap to the shinbone. It is common in athletes who engage in sports requiring frequent jumping. Symptoms include:

  • Pain and tenderness at the base of the kneecap
  • Swelling
  • Pain when jumping, running, or walking
  • Stiffness and discomfort after physical activity

Who Require a Knee Replacement Surgery?

  • Severe osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or post-traumatic arthritis causing debilitating pain and limited mobility.
  • Chronic knee pain and stiffness unresponsive to conservative treatments.
  • Significant knee deformity or alignment issues affecting daily activities.
  • Failure of nonsurgical treatments such as medications, physical therapy, and injections.
  • Desire to regain mobility and improve quality of life through surgical intervention.

Tests Required For Knee Replacement Surgery

  • Routine Blood Tests
  • X-ray
  • MRI in certain cases

During The Knee Replacement Surgery

The knee replacement takes around two-three hours and is conducted under general anesthesia that renders the patient unconscious. It is administered through the IV line. Along with this, a urinary catheter may also be inserted.
Following the administration of anesthesia, the doctor keeps a track of the patient’s heart rate and blood pressure level. The surgeon makes the incisions in the knee area. The incision is larger in the case of total knee replacement and shorter in the case of partial knee replacement.

Following the incision, the surgeon carefully removes the damaged parts of the knee joint. The surgeon then places the prosthetic knee joint which is made up of metal and plastic.

This prosthetic knee joint is especially designed for the knee and resembling the anatomical structure of the knee joint comprises tibial component, the femoral component, and the patellar component

After The Knee Replacement Surgery

The patient is taken out of the OT and taken to the recovery room. In the recovery room, the patient is kept under observation and the vital organs are constantly monitored.The patient may wake up with discomfort and pain. However, painkillers and anti-inflammatory medicines are administered in case of excruciating pain.

A knee replacement surgery cannot be performed on an outpatient basis anywhere. It requires a hospital stay of three-four days. On the first day after surgery, the patient will meet with the physical therapist who will advise the patient to walk about with the help of crutches.

Physical therapy sessions following knee replacement surgery may be painful, but it is extremely important to follow them so that the new knees are able to function just as well as a healthy knee.

A Continuous Passive Motion machine (CPM) is used during one’s hospital stay. This device is attached to the affected leg and keeps surrounding areas of the knee in motion. This helps with speeding up recovery time and reducing post-operative complications.

Frequently Asked Questions About Knee Replacement Surgery

Knee replacement surgery, or knee arthroplasty, involves replacing damaged or diseased parts of the knee joint with artificial components to relieve pain and restore function.
Candidates typically have severe knee pain, stiffness, and limited mobility due to conditions like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or post-traumatic arthritis.
There are several types, including total knee replacement, partial knee replacement, and minimally invasive knee replacement. The choice depends on the extent of knee damage and individual needs.
Risks include infection, blood clots, nerve damage, implant failure, and stiffness. However, these risks are relatively low, and complications can often be managed effectively.
Recovery involves physical therapy, pain management, and gradually increasing activity levels. Most patients can resume normal activities within a few months, although full recovery may take up to a year.
The lifespan of a knee replacement varies depending on factors like age, activity level, and implant type. However, most knee replacements last 15-20 years or longer with proper care.
While it is possible to have both knees replaced simultaneously, it carries a higher risk of complications and may require a longer recovery period. Your surgeon will determine the best approach based on your individual circumstances.
Yes, physical therapy is an essential part of the recovery process. It helps improve strength, flexibility, and mobility, allowing you to achieve the best possible outcome from surgery.